الحمد لله وصلى الله وسلم وبارك على رسول الله، وعلى آله وصحبه ومن والاه.
أما بعد.
فقد اختلف أهل العلم في حكم قراءة القرآن وإهداء ثوابه للميت على قولين:
الأول: الجواز قياساً على الصدقة، وهذا القول مرجوح.
والثاني : على المنع وأنَّه لا تُهدى القراءة، ولا يصل ثوابها، وهذا هو الراجح.
وعللوا لذلك: أنَّ أمر الثواب غيب لا يقطع به الإنسان لنفسه، ولا يملك الإنسان التصرُّففيه.
وأما المشروع فعل العبادة عن الغير كالصدقة عنه، فيقتصر فيه على ماورد، ولم يرد عن الرَّسول صلَّى الله عليه وسلم ولا عن أحدٍ من أصحابهالقراءة عن الميِّت، لا أمراً ولا إذناً، وهذا القول أظهر.
هذا وليس لسورة الفاتحة خصوصيَّة في هذا الحكم، فلم يفرِّق المجيزون ولاالمانعون بين الفاتحة وغيرها.
فتخصيص الفاتحة بذلك لا أصل له بل هو بدعة، والمعروف أنَّ الَّذين يستحبون قراءة الفاتحة على روح الميت من العامة أو من غيرهميخُّصون ذلك ببعض الأحوال والمناسبات، مثل قراءتها عند دفنه، أو عندالإحداد المبتدع أيضاً، أو عند العزاء، وهذا كله بدع، كالَّذين يقفون قياماًحداداً على ميِّت ويقرؤون الفاتحة.
أما واجبنا نحو الميت فأذكره من خلال الحديث الذي رواه أبو داود وابن ماجة وغيرهما وصححه الحاكم ووافقه الذهبي، وإن كان خالفهما غير واحد من أهل العلم على تصحيحه، من حديث أَبِي أُسَيْدٍ مَالِكِ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ السَّاعِدِيِّ قَالَ: بَيْنَا نَحْنُ عِنْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم إِذَا جَاءَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي سَلِمَةَ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ هَلْ بَقِيَ مِنْ بِرِّ أَبَوَيَّ شَيْءٌ أَبَرُّهُمَا بِهِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِمَا قَالَ:« نَعَمِ الصَّلاَةُ عَلَيْهِمَا، - أي الدعاء لهما - وَالاِسْتِغْفَارُ لَهُمَا، وَإِنْفَاذُ عَهْدِهِمَا مِنْ بَعْدِهِمَا، وَصِلَةُ الرَّحِمِ الَّتي لاَ تُوصَلُ إِلاَّ بِهِمَا، وَإِكْرَامُ صَدِيقِهِمَا».فهذا خلاصة ما يقدمه الأحياء للميت.
* إضافة إلى بعض المسائل الأخرى كالحج عنه إن كان الميت مستطيع للحج وتكاسل في آداء الفريضة، وقضاء دينه وإن كان داخلاً في قول النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم (( وإنفاذ عهدهما )) وذكرته للتنبيه إليه.
والله الموفق والهادي إلى سواء السبيل، ورحم الله الجميع.
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